Antartica

When this word comes into my mind, I think it is interesting if I write about it. So, first and foremost, I want to stated about people who live at that place.

Antarctica people mainly consist of the scientists, researchers and some tourists. Antarctica people are mainly concerned in carrying out various experiments and research works to make this continent a better and safer place to live in. The scientists and the researchers mainly belong to those countries who are the members of the Antarctic Treaty System. Apart from this, Antarctica does not have any indigenous population. People of Antarctica live in special type of houses called Igloo. These houses provide protection from the chilling cold. Every year the United States of America sends 650 people to carry out scientific experiments. Apart from this 2,500 people are also provided for proper maintenance of the research stations. These people in addition offer support and guidelines for conducting these experiments successfully. The support function includes huge number of work force like lab assistants, technicians, helicopter crews, general assistants and few others. In addition to this, the population of Antarctica also comprises of many research teams coming from military personnel, employees of various contractors, universities, industry, and government organization. Maximum work is being done in the summer season, which lasts from October to March by these support officials and the scientists. During the winter, however, this population drops to less than a quarter of the summer time.

That mean people come and go at Antartica.Hmmm...What about they eat then?

Antarctica food web is less complicated than the other food webs of the world. However, the Antarctica food web definitely includes much more numbers of animals as compared to any other ecosystem. This Antarctica food system involves the second largest numbers of mammals in the world namely the crab eating seals. This web includes phytoplankton, krill, herbivorous zooplankton, carnivorous zooplankton, fish, birds, seals, leopard seal, elephant seal, penguin and whales. Another important aspect of food in Antarctica involves that kind of food, which is eaten by those on the polar expeditions. They are provided with a balanced diet, which is dehydrated so that it provides the highest amount of energy, making the body work smoothly. As the entire continent is covered with deep snow, normal vegetation is impossible at the place. At the research stations, some amount of crops is grown under specially created condition. In the Antarctica regions, there is always a shortage of fresh vegetables and these are mostly grown on hydroponic system equipped stations. It is illegal to import soil or other similar materials to the lands of Antarctica since it threatens an outbreak of non-native insects, bacteria or fungi resulting in incurable diseases. This might poorly affect the hydroponic system of Antarctica and result in a closure of the same.

Hmm..very interesting about Antartica.

Look at your PC

The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices.

Hey guys...you know what.Who invented the computer?

I got the answer..

The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.This is the essence of programmability.

The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer. It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour,and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.
In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..."To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. Of his role in the modern computer, Time Magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."

The inventor of the program-controlled computer was Konrad Zuse, who built the first working computer in 1941 and later in 1955 the first computer based on magnetic storage.
George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.

Netiquette

Internet also have the etiquette?That is my frist impression when we come to this topic..

So, what out friends.Alert with the netiquette in order to be a good netizen.Here are some point about netiquett.

• Be brief. If you say what you want to say succinctly, it will have greater impact.

• Use descriptive key words in the subject heading. The subject line is there to help people decide whether or not they want to read it.
  

• Be careful with humor and sarcasm. Without the voice inflections and body language of personal communications, it is easy for a remark meant to be funny to be misinterpreted. You can convey the emotions that words alone cannot express by using such online conventions as "smileys" :-)

• Summarize what you are following up. When you are making a follow-up comment to someone else's message, be sure to summarize the parts of the message to which you are responding. Summarization is best done by including appropriate quotes from the original message. Don't include the entire message, since this could be irritating to people who have already read it. e.

How to recycle the eletronic stuff correctly.

PC maker, Hewlett-Packard has an ambitious goal to recycle two billion pounds of e-waste by 2010. Correspondent Sumi Das talks to the company's director of sustainability, Bonnie Nixon, about how they are meeting the challenge by building recycling facilities and stepping up their business practices globally. Das also speaks with Michelle Price, a marketing manager with HP's imaging and printing group. Price demonstrates how HP is re-using materials from old printer cartridges to create new ones through a process called closed-loop recycling.the answer.

E-Waste

First of all, what is e-waste. Electronic waste may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal.

So, for your information, e-waste become worst nowadays.Investigation by an international coalition of environmental organisation reveal that huge quantities of hazardous e-waste are being exported to China, Pakistan, and India where there are processed in operation that are extremely harmful harmful to human health and the environment.

In Malaysia only, about 18,000 tonnes of solid waste are produces daily all over Malaysia.Is Malaysia ready to deal with electronic waste in the future?

According to David W.Woodel in National Geographic Magazine, the effect of e-waste to environment are:

Lead is toxic to the kidneys, accumulating in the body and eventually affecting the nervous and reproductive systems. Children’s mental development can be impaired by low-level exposure to lead.

When burned, PVC produces dioxins, some of the most hazardous carcinogens known.

Brominated flame retardants have been linked to fetal damage and thyroid problems.

Barium produces brain swelling after a short exposure. It may cause weakness in muscles as well as heart, liver, and spleen damage.

Hexavalent chromium damages kidneys, the liver, and DNA. Asthmatic bronchitis has been linked to this substance.

Mercury is known to harm developing fetuses and is passed through the mother’s milk to newborns. In adults it can cause brain and kidney damage.

Beryllium causes acute or chronic beryllium disease, a deadly ailment affecting the lungs.

Cadmium is a carcinogen and long-term exposure leads to kidney and bone damage.

So, we need to get aware with this matters and follow the advice to avoid it.

May I write something out of circle?

Chef Wan

Everybody knows Chef Wan. He is rock star, actor, talk-show host, comedian, lecturer and food ambassador all in one. During the last twenty years he has hosted cooking shows all over the world. He has even published dozens of cookbooks. In spite of all this, he has found time to star on the stage and act in films. He has become a household name in Malaysia and is one of Malaysia’s best-loved icons. Everywhere he goes, he is bound to be recognized. Chef Wan is the culinary expert in Malaysia and is now an international chef. He has cooked for many famous personalities, including the Sultan of Brunei and the former U.S. President, Bill Clinton. Therefore it is not surprising that his many achievements have been noticed and he has received several international awards.

Chef Wan is a household name in Malaysia and a well known personality on Malaysian television. He has been featured in various cooking programmes on television, delighting audiences with his wit and humour while demonstrating his cooking process

1He was the author of several famous best selling cookbooks. He have won numerous book awards. Among them are:-

2.Salon International Du Livre Gourmand 2000 Periguex, France, a Gold Medal for Presentation Of ‘The Royal Dining Etiquette Of The Palace Of Perak’ In The Century In Malaysia
3.Salon International Du Livre Gourmand 2000 – Prix La Mazille Special Prize for his career as Food Ambassador of Malaysia.

4.Salon International Du Livre Gourmand 2003 in Barcelona, Spain for the Best Malay Chef Book in Malaysia (‘Mengelilingi Dunia bersama Chef Wan’ by Times Edition)
As a prolific writer, I also contributes articles for various publications such as:-

5. Flavours, Star Publication (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd

6.Jelita, Berita Publishing Sdn Bhd

7.Malaysia Tatler Food and Restaurant Guide, Communication Management Ltd.

8.Marie Claire Malaysian Edition Guide to Eating in Malaysia/Singapore.

I inspired to be like him..InsyaAllah.

The cyber crime..

Computer crime can broadly be defined as criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (ID theft), and electronic fraud.
Computer crime issues have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through warez, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

in my personal opinion, this kind of crime always happened nowadays.So, we need to prevent it in order to protect our kids in future.

Is web portal was difference with website?

My lecturer have ask us in class about that question.Nobody can answer this correctly..
So, I is good if I share with you about what is the web portal actually...

A web portal presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. Apart from the standard search engine feature, web portals offer other services such as e-mail, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment. Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access control and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether. Examples of public web portals are MSN, Yahoo!, AOL, iGoogle and Netvibes.

Types of web portals

Horizontal vs. vertical portal
Two broad categorizations of portals are horizontal portals, which cover many areas, and vertical portals, which are focused on one functional area. Another definition for a horizontal portal is, that it's used as platform to several companies in the same economic sector or to the same type of manufacturers or distributors.A vertical portal consequently is a specialized entry point to a specific market or industry niche, subject area, or interest, also called vortal.

Personal portals
A personal portal is a site on the World Wide Web that typically provides personalized capabilities to its visitors, providing a pathway to other content. It is designed to use distributed applications, different numbers and types of middleware and hardware to provide services from a number of different sources. In addition, business portals are designed to share collaboration in workplaces. A further business-driven requirement of portals is that the content be able to work on multiple platforms such as personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and cell phones/mobile phones. Information, news, and updates are examples of content that would be delivered through such a portal. Personal portals can be related to any specific topic such as providing friend information on a social network or providing links to outside content that may help others beyond your reach of services. Portals are not limited to simply providing links. Information or content that you are putting on the internet creates a portal, or a path to new knowledge and/or capabilities.

Regional web portals
Along with the development and success of international personal portals such as Yahoo!, regional variants have also sprung up. Some regional portals contain local information such as weather forecasts, street maps and local business information. Another notable expansion over the past couple of years is the move into formerly unthinkable markets.
"Local content - global reach" portals have emerged not only from countries like Korea (Naver), India (Rediff), China (Sina.com), Romania, Greece (in.gr) and Italy, but in countries like Vietnam where they are very important for learning how to apply e-commerce, e-government, etc. Such portals reach out to the widespread diaspora across the world.

Government web portals
At the end of the dot-com boom in the 1990s, many governments had already committed to creating portal sites for their citizens. In the United States the main portal is USA.gov in English and GobiernoUSA.gov in Spanish in addition to portals developed for specific audiences such as Disability.gov; in the United Kingdom the main portals are Directgov (for citizens) and businesslink.gov.uk (for businesses).The official web portal of the European Union is Europa (web portal). Europa links to all EU agencies and institutions in addition to press releases and audiovisual content from press conferences.All relevant health topics from across Europe are gathered in the Health-EU portal.

Corporate web portals
Corporate intranets became common during the 1990s. As intranets grew in size and complexity, webmasters were faced with increasing content and user management challenges. A consolidated view of company information was judged insufficient; users wanted personalization and customization. Webmasters, if skilled enough, were able to offer some capabilities, but for the most part ended up driving users away from using the intranet.
Many companies began to offer tools to help webmasters manage their data, applications and information more easily, and through personalized views. Portal solutions can also include workflow management, collaboration between work groups, and policy-managed content publication. Most can allow internal and external access to specific corporate information using secure authentication or single sign-on.
JSR168 Standards emerged around 2001. Java Specification Request (JSR) 168 standards allow the interoperability of portlets across different portal platforms. These standards allow portal developers, administrators and consumers to integrate standards-based portals and portlets across a variety of vendor solutions.
The concept of content aggregation seems to still gain momentum and portal solution will likely continue to evolve significantly over the next few years. The Gartner Group predicts generation 8 portals to expand on the Business Mashups concept of delivering a variety of information, tools, applications and access points through a single mechanism.[citation needed]
With the increase in user generated content, disparate data silos, and file formats, information architects and taxonomist will be required to allow users the ability to tag (classify) the data. This will ultimately cause a ripple effect where users will also be generating ad hoc navigation and information flows.
Corporate Portals also offer customers & employees self-service opportunities.

So, I hope all my classmate will be more clear what is differences between web portal and website.

What now?

Ermmm...what I want to post now?Very spinning and blurr thinking about it..
Why not if i write about....
You know what is the story beside the things that you use to drag the cursor at your laptop or desktop? It is we call it mouse right?
Here I want to stated more little about that kind of things..

In computing, a mouse (plural mouses, mice, or mouse devices.) is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a

The name mouse, originated at the Stanford Research Institute, derives from the resemblance of early models (which had a cord attached to the rear part of the device, suggesting the idea of a tail) to the common mouse.[1]
The first marketed integrated mouse – shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation – came with the Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981. However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Apple Macintosh; in 1984 a prominent PC columnist commented the release of this new computer with a mouse: “There is no evidence that people want to use these things.

A mouse now comes with most computers and many other varieties can be bought separately.

The world's first trackball invented by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR project in 1952. It used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, as it was a secret military project.

Early mouse...
The world's first trackball invented by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR project in 1952. It used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, as it was a secret military project.

Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, Nov. 1970, U.S. Patent 3,541,541. Ball and wheel by Rider, Sept. 1974, U.S. Patent 3,835,464. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, Oct. 1976, U.S. Patent 3,987,685.

The first computer mouse, held by inventor Douglas Engelbart, showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface

I think this information will add or update your knowledge little or more..

Advantages of e-learning

This is my picture in lab when e-learning class

Well..e-learning..I took this course in my final year in order to complete my diploma.Actually I'm not really know about this course.Why we need to register and what is the objective to learn it.Then, during half of the semester, I found this course was very interesting.So, that feeling lead me to find out what is the advantages of e-learning .
According to Kevin Cruse, he stated in his blog, there are two side which can get the advantages of e-learning, which is the organization and the learner. There are:

Advantages of e-Learning to the Trainer or Organization

Some of the most outstanding advantages to the trainer or organization are:

• Reduced overall cost is the single most influential factor in adopting e-learning. The elimination of costs associated with instructor's salaries, meeting room rentals, and student travel, lodging, and meals are directly quantifiable. The reduction of time spent away from the job by employees may be the most positive offshoot.
• Learning times reduced, an average of 40 to 60 percent, as found by Brandon Hall (Web-based Training Cookbook, 1997, p. 108).
• Increased retention and application to the job averages an increase of 25 percent over traditional methods, according to an independent study by J.D. Fletcher (Multimedia Review, Spring 1991, pp.33-42).
• Consistent delivery of content is possible with asynchronous, self-paced e-learning.
• Expert knowledge is communicated, but more importantly captured, with good e-learning and knowledge management systems.
• Proof of completion and certification, essential elements of training initiatives, can be automated.

Advantages to the Learner

Along with the increased retention, reduced learning time, and other aforementioned benefits to students, particular advantages of e-learning include:

• On-demand availability enables students to complete training conveniently at off-hours or from home.
• Self-pacing for slow or quick learners reduces stress and increases satisfaction.
• Interactivity engages users, pushing them rather than pulling them through training.
• Confidence that refresher or quick reference materials are available reduces burden of responsibility of mastery.

How to take care of cats

* The prerequisite for the healthy growth of a cat is a well-balanced diet. Therefore, feed your cat with a diet rich in vitamins and minerals. Include meat, poultry and fish in the pet's diet. Many brands now offer quality cat food, which you can buy for your pet. Feed your cat with fresh water, every day. You may use cat self watering unit for the purpose.
* Hygiene is essential for maintaining good health. Hence, bathe your cat regularly. Keep the litter box clean.
* Your cat may spend maximum time in sleeping. If your pet stays indoors, make sure that you provide a comfortable spot to lay down. Purchase a cat bed for the purpose.
* The best way to keep your cat occupied is to provide it with pet toys.
* Cats have unquenchable curiosity to explore things. Hence, keep attic doors, basement doors and front door closed, so that your pet doesn't land into the 'danger zones' both indoors and outdoors.
* Keep string-like objects, like tinsel, thread and rubber bands out of the reach of your cat, because the pet is easily attracted to such objects and tends to eat them.
* Like human beings, cats are also prone to diseases related to kidney, heart, dental diseases and chronic ailments like cancer. Hence, get your cat vaccinated. Regular veterinary check ups are also necessary.
* Neutering (removal of reproductive organ of the animal, to stop reproduction) becomes essential at one stage of life, when your cat has produced enough offspring. The procedure is called spayed (for females) and castrated (for males). The procedure helps control unwanted birth of kittens, thereby minimizing the risk of problems in the cat, associated with its reproductive tract.
* Train the cat to abstain from undesirable behaviors such as scratching furniture and jumping on countertops. Disciplining cat is very important to maintain a cordial bonding with the pet.
* You would not want to loose your cat. Therefore, when you are going from trips with your pet, put collar and ID tag that includes your name, address, and telephone number around the cat
* Cats spend indefinite time, licking and cleaning themselves. Hence, it is advisable to clean your cat regularly. Make use of a cat shampoo. While shampooing your pet, be sure not to put the shampoo into its eyes, because the chemical irritates the eyes. Groom your pet. Brush its hair, especially if it is a long-haired breed, so that it stays clean and free from loose fur.
* Always reward your cat for desired behavior. This motivates the pet to repeat the positive things time and again and helps you to create a strong bond with it.

Cats toys

If you are a cat lover, or have a pet cat at home, you must be aware of how much the animal loves to play with toys. Especially the little kittens are almost as much enthusiastic about toys as human kids are. So, the best gift for a cat; be it on a holiday occasion or its birthday; would be a toy. In case you are wondering what kind of toy will be best for your pet kitten, this article will prove to be of help. Go through the following lines and explore some of the best ideas for cat toys

Best Toys For Cats

Bird Toy
Amongst all the catnip commercial toys available in the market, the one that is most sought after is the toy that looks like a bird and has a twirling feather action as well. This toy can keep a cat engaged for a large amount of time. The car takes it for a real bird and tries to hunt it down everywhere. However, it is necessary to put the toy away after the cat has played enough with it or your kitty is sure to try to tear it open.

Interactive Toys
When it comes to cat toys, the interactive ones are also quite popular. Amongst the popular interactive toys available in the market today are the ones that look very much like a real mouse. They even fake a mouse's panic and erratic movements so realistically that a cat goes crazy for it.

Toy Box
You can help enhance the hunting and stalking instincts of your cat, by gifting it a toy box, which has the catnip 'prey' hidden inside it. It is actually the thrill that keeps a cat interested in these boxes, just like a treasure hunt that keeps kids interested over hours.

Musical Doll
Another toy option for your cat would comprise of moving musical dolls. These dolls have the ability to keep your cat entranced for a long duration of time. while buying dolls, make sure that they are made of a sturdy material, which won't come readily apart when chewed upon, by the cats.

Toy Mice
Toy mice, with cat treats inside them, prove most satisfactory to even the laziest of cats. To add to the fun, you can buy a mouse made up of fabric, with cat treats or catnips inside, which can move, jump and duck. It will be effective in giving a nice exercise to your cat, before being ripped off and enjoyed. Some of the toy mice have sparkling surfaces, while other give off laser beams, to attract the cats. However, they should not be 'too-hard' to catch or the cat will lose interest.

Wand Toys
In context of cat toys, wands toys make up another popular option, which is also recommended by all the cat lovers, breeders, owners and toy testers. The wands can be put on floor and then wriggled a little, to catch the attention of your cat and then can be maneuvered around, challenging the pet to

Siamese cats

Siamese are one of the oldest and popular breed of cats. Several breeds have originated after breeding with Siamese; so many breeds owe their origin to this variety. Ocicat, Himalayan, Burmese, Tonkinese, Snowshoe are few of the cats which have originated from Siamese. The Siamese breeds are named so because their origin is traced back to Siam, now known as Thailand. The date of their origin still remains untraced. They are basically medium sized breeds' with svelte body and striking features. They are recognized by All North American cat associations as a specific breed.

History
Siamese Cats are called as Royal Cat of Siam as they have been there for centuries. It is said that in ancient era, they were the companions of royal and religious leaders. They also get a mention in The Cat-Book Poems which confirms its existence in Siam from 1350-1767. As these cats were treated as auspicious creature in Siam, they were never handed to any outsider in the city. This was the only reason that the rest of the world didn’t become familiar with this cat breed until the 1800s

The first official exhibition of Siamese cats was arranged in the first modern-style cat show at London’s Crystal Palace in 1871. People fell in love with these breed of cat at the very first instance. With its unique color pattern and nimble and graceful body style, Siamese soon became one of the most popular cat breed in Great Britain.

The Siamese were brought to the United States around 1890. Due to its loving characteristics, they soon became popular amongst the growing American cat fancy. Although the cat fantasy suffered several upsurges and down surges during the troubled phases of the Great Depression and World War II, somehow the Siamese cat retained its popularity and today is one of the most popular shorthaired cat breeds in the world.

Appearance
Siamese are attractive cats with large baby blue almond-shaped eyes. They have long bodies, long heads, long tails, long necks and long legs. They have a long tubular body which is well boned and muscular. The Siamese breeds have slender neck and svelte legs. They are of medium body size and their weight varies between 5 to 15 pounds. The coats of the Siamese breed are short, soft and glazy. Seal, Chocolate, Blue and Lilac are four basic coat colors for Siamese. The ear, face mask, feet and tail of a Siamese variety is darker as compared to the rest of the body.

Personality
Siamese are very friendly, affectionate and loving variety of cat. They are exceedingly clever and very good learners. They are also very amusing as they keep on entertaining you with their fun loving activities, you may find your Siamese cat grinning down at you from the your highest book shelf. Siamese is also said to possess royal attitude, they are extremely vocal and demand attention to the utmost extent. They Siamese cat are also very loyal.

Persian cats

History
The Persian is one of the oldest breeds of cat. In Britain, this cat is known as the Longhair or Persian Longhair. A Persian, without a recognized and registered pedigree, is categorized as a domestic longhair cat. In 1620, the first known ancestors of the Persian were imported from Persia into Italy by Pietro della Valle, and from Turkey into France by Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. From France, the cats soon reached Britain and were mated with Turkish Angoras. Their appearance was absolutely different from today's standard.

For hundreds of years, exclusive breeding made Persians, cobbier cats with significantly shorter muzzle. It's not apparent when longhair cats (in general) first appeared, as there are no African Wildcats with that kind of fur. There have been assertions that the gene responsible for long hair was introduced through hybridization with Pallas cat. However, the recent research disproves this theory. The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time this feature has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America. In 1871, when the association first kept records, the Persian was first registered with the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA).

Appearance
The Persian are medium-sized cats with a very long thick coat, short legs, a wide head with the ears set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely foreshortened muzzle. Due to their 'squashed' faces, it is common for Persians to have fair discharge from their tear ducts. Persian may have any color or markings, including pointed, golden, tortoiseshell, blue, and tabby. The tipped varieties are called Chinchilla. The pointed varieties are called Himalayan in the United States and Colorpoint Persian in Europe. The Persian have a round head, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose leather placed at the bottom of the eyes. Persian standard requires a short, cobby body with short, well boned legs, a broad chest, and a round appearance. Everything about the ideal Persian cat is round. In 2007, the Persian Breed Standard was changed from the flat face to vertical alignment of the forehead, nose, and chin. On an average, Persian cats live between 10 and 19 years.

Grooming
Seeing as Persian cats have long, thick dense fur, they cannot keep themselves clean. Thus, they need regular grooming. To keep their fur in its best condition, these cats should be bathed regularly, dried carefully, and brushed thoroughly each day. Their eyes should be checked for problems on a regular basis.

Personality
Persians are generally quiet, calm and totally laid-back. They have a melodious voice and communicate delightfully with their large, expressive eyes. They crave affection and love to be petted and fussed over.

Genetic Defects
Persian cats are particularly prone to a genetic disease, which causes kidney failure, PKD, and Polycystic kidney disease. Nowadays, cats can be DNA tested for the gene that causes PKD. Thus, the affected cats are removed from the Persian gene pool by the breeders.